References

Good Calories, Bad Calories, Gary Taubes P311

"two diets in a randomised cross-over design: group 1, normal protein (10, 60 and 30% energy from protein, carb and fat), high protein (30, 40 and 30 ); group 2 - normal protein (10, 60 and 30), high protein, carb-free (30, 0 and 70 )… In conclusion, appetite suppression and fat oxidation were higher on a high-protein diet without than with carbs exchanged for fat. Energy expenditure was not affected by the carb content of a high-protein diet." Veldhorst, M. A. B., Westerterp, K. R., Van Vught, A. J. A. H., & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. (2010). Presence or absence of carbohydrates and the proportion of fat in a high-protein diet affect appetite suppression but not energy expenditure in normal-weight human subjects fed in energy balance. The British journal of nutrition, 104(9), 1395–405. doi:10.1017/S0007114510002060

"high-protein[30%], low-carbohydrate [4%] ketogenic diets reduce hunger and lower food intake significantly more than do high-protein[30%], medium-carbohydrate[35%] non-ketogenic diets." Johnstone, A. M., Horgan, G. W., Murison, S. D., Bremner, D. M., & Lobley, G. E. (2008). Effects of a high-protein ketogenic diet on hunger, appetite, and weight loss in obese men feeding ad libitum. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 87(1), 44–55.

In rats: "…diabetic rats are markedly hyperphagic when fed a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet, but normophagic when fed a high-fat (HF) diet. When maintained on a HC diet, diabetic rats also exhibit increased gene expression of the orexigenic peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY) … Relative to diabetic rats on the HC diet, the diabetic rats on the HF diet exhibited significantly reduced caloric intake (-40%), NPY expression (-27%)… There was a small but significant increase in plasma leptin levels in the diabetic animals maintained on the HF, and large differences in parameters associated with elevated fat oxidation." Chavez, M., Seeley, R. J., Havel, P. J., Friedman, M. I., Matson, C. A., Woods, S. C., & Schwartz, M. W. (1998). Effect of a high-fat diet on food intake and hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression in streptozotocin diabetes. The Journal of clinical investigation, 102(2), 340–6. doi:10.1172/JCI603

Photo

dirk ercken, bigstock.com